Angioplasty Surgery Procedure, also known as Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI), is a minimally invasive procedure used to open narrowed or blocked arteries, primarily in the heart. This procedure improves blood flow, alleviates chest pain (angina), and reduces the risk of a heart attack. In this blog, we will explore the various steps, types, and recovery processes of angioplasty surgery, helping you understand its importance, preparation, and post-operative care.

What Is Angioplasty?

Angioplasty is performed to restore proper blood flow through arteries that have become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis—a condition where fatty deposits (plaque) build up on the walls of arteries. When the arteries that supply blood to the heart become blocked, it can lead to serious conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Types of Angioplasty

• Balloon Angioplasty: The most common form of angioplasty where a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery and inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow.
• Stent Placement (Stenting): A stent, a small wire mesh tube, may be inserted after balloon angioplasty to keep the artery open and prevent it from narrowing again.
• Rotational Atherectomy: In cases where plaque is very calcified, a rotating device may be used to remove it before balloon angioplasty.
• Laser Angioplasty: This method uses a laser to vaporize blockages in the arteries.

Indications for Angioplasty

Angioplasty is typically recommended for patients who have:

• Severe blockages in their coronary arteries that lead to restricted blood flow.
• Chronic chest pain (angina) that doesn’t respond to medication or lifestyle changes.
• Heart attack, where angioplasty is done as an emergency procedure to restore blood flow.

Preparation for Angioplasty

Before undergoing angioplasty, the patient will undergo a series of diagnostic tests, such as:

• Electrocardiogram (ECG): To monitor heart function.
• Echocardiogram: To assess heart structure and function.
• Coronary Angiogram: This imaging test uses dye and X-rays to show the inside of coronary arteries, helping the cardiologist pinpoint the location of blockages.

Patients are generally advised to:

• Fast for 6-8 hours before the procedure.
• Inform the Top Angioplasty Surgeons in Amritsar of any medications they are taking, especially blood thinners.
• Arrange for post-surgery transportation as they may not be able to drive after the procedure.

The Angioplasty Surgery Procedure: Step-by-Step

The coronary angioplasty procedure is typically performed in a specialized room known as a catheterization lab, rather than a traditional operating room. This lab is equipped with X-ray machines that allow the doctor to closely monitor the procedure in real-time on a screen. The entire angioplasty surgery duration is usually between 30 minutes to 2 hours, though in some cases, it may take longer depending on the complexity of the procedure. Follow is the step-by-step process:

• Anesthesia: Local anesthesia is administered to numb the area where the catheter will be inserted, typically in the groin or wrist.
• Catheter Insertion: A small incision is made, and a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted into a large artery. The catheter is guided through the blood vessels to the site of the blockage in the heart using fluoroscopy (live X-ray imaging).
• Balloon Inflation: Once the catheter reaches the narrowed artery, a small balloon at the tip is inflated. This presses the plaque against the artery walls, widening the artery.
• Stent Placement (optional): In many cases, a stent is placed at the site to keep the artery open permanently. The stent is expanded with the balloon and remains in place when the balloon is deflated and removed.
• Completion: After the artery is widened and the stent (if used) is in place, the catheter and balloon are removed. The incision site is closed, and pressure is applied to prevent bleeding.

Recovery After Angioplasty Surgery

Angioplasty is generally a same-day procedure, though patients may need to stay overnight in the hospital for observation, especially after a heart attack. Recovery involves:

• Monitoring: Heart rate, blood pressure, and incision site are closely monitored for a few hours after the procedure.
• Rest: Patients are advised to rest and avoid strenuous activities for several days. Driving and heavy lifting are typically restricted for a week or two.
• Medications: Patients are prescribed antiplatelet medications like aspirin or clopidogrel to prevent blood clots around the stent. Cholesterol-lowering drugs and beta-blockers may also be prescribed to manage heart health.
• Follow-Up: Regular follow-up visits with the cardiologist are necessary to monitor heart function and ensure proper recovery.

Risks and Complications of Angioplasty

Though angioplasty is generally safe, like any medical procedure, it carries certain risks, including:

• Bleeding at the catheter insertion site.
• Blood clots in the stent, leading to restenosis (re-narrowing of the artery).
• Heart attack or stroke, though rare, can occur during or after the angioplasty procedure for heart.
• Allergic reaction to the dye used during the coronary angiogram.
• Kidney damage in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions due to the contrast dye.

Long-Term Outlook After Angioplasty

Angioplasty is a highly effective procedure, but it doesn’t cure atherosclerosis. To maintain heart health and prevent future blockages, patients should:

• Adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle: This includes a diet low in saturated fats, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking.
• Control risk factors: Managing diabetes, high blood pressure, and cholesterol levels are essential for long-term health.
• Take prescribed medications: Continue taking all medications as directed to prevent complications and maintain stent function.

Angioplasty Surgery Price

The cost of angioplasty in India typically varies depending on the hospital, location, and the patient's condition. Generally, the average cost of angioplasty surgery in India falls between ₹1,50,000 and ₹3,20,000, depending on factors like the type of stent used and the complexity of the procedure.

Conclusion

Angioplasty has revolutionized the treatment of coronary artery disease, offering a minimally invasive solution to life-threatening blockages. While it is not a permanent cure for heart disease, angioplasty significantly improves quality of life, reducing symptoms like chest pain and lowering the risk of heart attacks. With proper aftercare, medication, and lifestyle changes, patients can enjoy a healthier, more active life following angioplasty.

If you or a loved one is considering an Angioplasty Surgery Procedure, consult with a cardiologist to understand the full range of benefits, risks, and necessary steps for a smooth recovery